Military of the European Union

      Military of the European Union
      Coat of arms of the European Union Military Staff.svg
      The coat of arms of the EU military staff
      Service branches EUMS
      Leadership
      Commander-in-Chief 27 EU heads of state
      High Representative Catherine Ashton
      Director General of EUMS Lt.Gen. Ton van Osch[1]
      Manpower
      Military age 17–45
      Active personnel 1,695,122
      Reserve personnel 2,852,500
      798,700 paramilitary
      Expenditures
      Budget €200 billion (2012)
      Percent of GDP 2% (2012)
      European Union
      Flag of the European Union

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      The military of the European Union comprises the several national armed forces of the Union's 27 member states, as the policy area of defence has remained primarily the domain of nation states. European integration has however been deepened in this field in recent years, with the framing of a Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) branch for the Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) as well as the creation of separate international forces revolving around the EU's defence. A number of CSDP military operations have been deployed in recent years. The principal military alliance in Europe remains NATO, which includes 21 of the 27 EU member states as well as other non-EU European countries, Turkey, the United States and Canada.

      Several prominent leaders, including former French President Nicolas Sarkozy, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini and former Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt, have voiced support for a common defence for the Union.[2][3][4] This possibility, requiring unanimous support among the member states, was formally laid down in Article 42 of the Treaty on European Union upon the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009.[5]

      Additionally, the Treaty of Lisbon extended the enhanced co-operation provision to become available for application in the area of defence. This mechanism enables a minimum number of member states to deepen integration within the EUs institutional framework, without the necessity of participation for reluctant member states.

      History

      Following the end of World War II and the defeat of the Axis Powers, the Dunkirk Treaty was signed by France and the United Kingdom on 4 March 1947 as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance against a possible German attack in the aftermath of World War II. The Dunkirk Treaty entered into force on 8 September 1947. The 1948 Treaty of Brussels established the military Western Union Defence Organisation with an allied European command structure under Field Marshal Montgomery. Western European powers, except for Ireland, Sweden, Finland and Austria, signed the North Atlantic Treaty alongside the United States and Canada which only created a passive defence association until 1951 when, during the Korean War, the existing and fully functioning Western Union Defence Organisation was augmented to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO.

      Map showing European membership of the EU and NATO
        EU member only
        NATO member only
        member of both

      In the early 1950s, France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries made an attempt to integrate the militaries of mainland western Europe, through the treaty establishing the European Defence Community (EDC). This scheme did however not enter into force, as it failed to obtain approval for ratification in the French National Assembly, where Gaullists feared for national sovereignty and Communists opposed a European military consolidation that could rival the Soviet Union.

      The failure to establish the EDC resulted in the 1954 amendment of the Treaty of Brussels at the London and Paris Conferences which in replacement of EDC established the political Western European Union (WEU) out of the earlier established military Western Union Defence Organisation and included West Germany and Italy in both WEU and NATO as the conference ended the occupation of West Germany and the defence aims had shifted from Germany to the Soviet Union.

      Out of the 27 EU member states, 21 are also members of NATO. Another 3 NATO members are EU Applicants and 1 is solely a member of the European Economic Area. In 1996, the Western European Union (WEU) was tasked by NATO to implement a European Security and Defence Identity within NATO, which later was passed over to the EU Common Security and Defence Policy as all Western European Union functions were transferred to the European Union through the Lisbon Treaty. The memberships of the EU and NATO are distinct, and some EU member states are traditionally neutral on defence issues. Several of the new EU member states were formerly members of the Warsaw Pact.

      The EU currently has a limited mandate over defence issues, with a role to explore the issue of European defence agreed to in the Amsterdam Treaty, as well as oversight of the Helsinki Headline Goal Force Catalogue (the 'European Rapid Reaction Force') processes. However, some EU states may and do make multilateral agreements about defence issues outside of the EU structures.

      On 20 February 2009 the European Parliament voted in favour of the creation of Synchronised Armed Forces Europe (SAFE) as a first step towards a true European military force. SAFE will be directed by an EU directorate, with its own training standards and operational doctrine. There are also plans to create an EU "Council of Defence Ministers" and "a European statute for soldiers within the framework of Safe governing training standards, operational doctrine and freedom of operational action".[6]

      Implications of the Treaty of Lisbon

      The entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon triggered member states of the Western European Union (WEU) to scrap the organisation, which had largely become dormant, but they have kept the mutual defence clause of the Treaty of Brussels as the basis for the EU mutual defence arrangement.

      The Treaty of Lisbon also states that:

      “ The common security and defence policy shall include the progressive framing of the common defence policy. This will lead to a common defence, when the European Council, acting unanimously, so decides. (TEU, Article 42)[7] ”
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      Military expenditure

      The United Kingdom and France

      Further information: Defence and Security Co-operation Treaty
      France (blue) and the United Kingdom (red).

      The United Kingdom and France represent the EU's two most dominant global military powers and are the only nuclear powers in the EU. Together, the United Kingdom and France account for 40% of Europe's defence budget, 50% of its military capacity and 70% of all spending in military research and development.[8] The 2010 Anglo French defence treaty will "pool resources" of these two nations' armed forces to maintain their status as major "global defence powers". France and the United Kingdom will also work jointly with nuclear weapons, "testing will be carried out in France and the technology will be developed in the UK."[9]

      British and French military expenditure for 2010 published in the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Yearbook 2011 using current (2010) market exchange rates in US$.[10]

      Rank Country Spending ($ Bn.) % of GDP World Share (%)
      1 United Kingdom United Kingdom 59.6 2.7% 3.7%
      2 France France 59.3 2.3% 3.6%

      European military expenditure

      Further information: List of countries by military expenditures

      The following list presents the military expenditure of the European Union in euros (€) for the year 2010. The combined military expenditure of the 27 EU member states is €194 billion.[11] This represents 1.6% of European Union GDP, second only to the €392 ($533.8) billion military expenditure of the United States. The US figure represents 4.8% of United States GDP.[12] The EU figures include the spending for joint projects such as the Eurofighter and joint procurement of equipment.

      Hypothetically combined EU military expenditure compared to the United States
      and the five largest European defence spenders.
      Country Spending (€)  % of GDP
      – European Union European Union €194,357,000,000 1.61%
      1 United Kingdom United Kingdom €43,340,000,000 2.56%
      2 France France €39,237,000,000 2.01%
      3 Germany Germany €33,492,000,000 1.34%
      4 Italy Italy €21,637,000,000 1.40%
      5 Spain Spain €15,132,000,000 1.05%
      6 Netherlands Netherlands €8,472,000,000 1.43%
      7 Poland Poland €6,392,000,000 1.81%
      8 Greece Greece €4,756,000,000 2.07%
      9 Sweden Sweden €4,265,000,000 1.23%
      10 Belgium Belgium €3,951,000,000 1.12%
      11 Denmark Denmark €3,493,000,000 1.32%
      12 Portugal Portugal €2,782,000,000 1.61%
      13 Finland Finland €2,707,000,000 1.50%
      14 Austria Austria €2,430,000,000 0.86%
      15 Czech Republic Czech Republic €2,016,000,000 1.39%
      16 Romania Romania €1,575,000,000 1.29%
      17 Hungary Hungary €1,022,000,000 1.04%
      18 Republic of Ireland Ireland €911,000,000 0.59%
      19 Slovakia Slovakia €853,000,000 1.29%
      20 Bulgaria Bulgaria €629,000,000 1.74%
      21 Slovenia Slovenia €583,000,000 1.62%
      22 Cyprus Cyprus €361,000,000 2.06%
      23 Estonia Estonia €249,000,000 1.72%
      24 Lithuania Lithuania €246,000,000 0.90%
      25 Luxembourg Luxembourg €201,000,000 0.48%
      26 Latvia Latvia €194,000,000 1.08%
      27 Malta Malta €44,000,000 0.71%

      In a speech in 2012, Swedish General Håkan Syrén criticised the spending levels of European Union countries, saying that in the future those countries' military capability will decrease, creating "critical shortfalls".[13]

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      Militaries of Member States

      European military personnel

      The European Union's combined active military forces in 2009 totalled 1,668,537 personnel. As of 2009, The 26 European Defence Agency member states had an average of 67,767 land force personnel deployed around the world (4% of the total military personnel). In a major operation the EU could readily deploy 443,103 land force personnel and of those can sustain 106,754 in an enduring operation.[14] In comparison, the US deployed on average almost 200,000 troops. This represents 14% of US military personnel.[12] Denmark is not an EDA member, but is a member state of the European Union, thus bringing the total manpower of the combined EU military to 1,695,122 personnel.

      Figures for the EU's reserve personnel and paramilitary forces are provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (a British research institute). Figures are provided for the year 2010.

      A chart showing the combined strength
      of the EU's active duty personnel compared
      to other military powers. EU figures sourced
      from the EDA. (Note: 100 = 1 million)
      Country Active personnel Reserve personnel Paramilitary personnel Total personnel
      European Union European
      Union      		 1,695,122 2,852,500 798,700 5,346,322
      France France[14][15][16][17] 243,000 70,300 151,779 465,079
      United Kingdom United Kingdom[18][19] 227,160 174,800 401,960
      Italy Italy[14][20] 192,168 41,867 244,273 478,308
      Germany Germany[21][22] 188,921 140,000 328,921
      Spain Spain[14][23] 136,000 319,000 80,210 535,210
      Greece Greece[14][24][25] 133,385 237,500 4,000 374,885
      Poland Poland[14][26] 120,000 250,000 30,000 400,000
      Romania Romania[14][27][28] 74,790 45,000 79,900 199,690
      Netherlands Netherlands[14][29] 48,639 3,339 3,000 54,978
      Portugal Portugal[14][30] 39,568 210,900 47,700 298,168
      Belgium Belgium[14][31] 35,720 2,040 37,760
      Finland Finland[14][32] 35,328 351,500 7,550 394,378
      Bulgaria Bulgaria[14][33] 32,445 302,500 34,000 368,945
      Austria Austria[14][34] 28,065 195,000 9,400 232,465
      Czech Republic Czech Republic[14][35] 24,418 10,998 35,416
      Denmark Denmark[36] 26,585 53,507 80,092
      Hungary Hungary[14][37] 44,000 64,000 12,000 120,000
      Sweden Sweden[14][38] 16,958 242,000 800 259,758
      Slovakia Slovakia[14][39] 14,413 14,413
      Cyprus Cyprus[14][40] 12,937 50,000 750 63,687
      Republic of Ireland Ireland[14][41] 9,950 14,500 24,450
      Lithuania Lithuania[14][42] 8,108 6,700 14,600 29,408
      Slovenia Slovenia[14][43] 6,964 3,800 4,500 15,264
      Latvia Latvia[14][44] 4,937 10,866 10,096 25,899
      Estonia Estonia[14][45] 6,600 42,000 10,766 59,300
      Malta Malta[14] 2,120 2,120
      Luxembourg Luxembourg[14][46] 882 612 1,494
      The EU's fighter and strike aircraft fleet
      compared to other military powers.[47]

      European Air Forces

      The Air Forces of Europe operate a wide range of military systems and hardware. This is primarily due to the independent requirements of each member state and also the national defence industries of some member states. However such programmes like the Eurofighter Typhoon and Eurocopter Tiger have seen many European nations design, build and operate a single weapons platform. In 2013 it is estimated that the European Union had around 2,000 serviceable main combat aircraft (fighter aircraft and ground-attack aircraft).[47] Currently within the EU operates:

      The EUs air-lift capabilities are evolving with the future introduction of the Airbus A400M (another example of EU defence cooperation). The A400M is a tactical airlifter with strategic capabilities.[48] Around 140 are initially expected to be operated by 5 member states (UK, France, Germany, Spain and Belgium).

      Combat aircraft

      2013[49] Eurofighter
      Typhoon      		 Panavia
      Tornado      		 Mirage 2000 Mirage F1 Saab
      Gripen      		 F-16 F/A-18 F-4 MiG-29 MiG-21 Other Total
      European Union EU 229
      (+160*)      		 308 200 35 158 352 128 73 59 48 290
      (+592)      		 1,880
      (+752)
      France France 159 13 91 (+185) Dassault Rafale,
      25 Super Étendard      		 290
      (+ 185)
      Greece Greece 41 116 50 19 A-7 226
      Germany Germany 65 (+31) 134 23 222
      (+31)
      United Kingdom United Kingdom 100[50] 104 2 F-35 (+136) 179
      (+190)
      Italy Italy 45 (+35) 70 49 AMX,
      16 Harrier,
      ordered 90 F-35      		 180
      (+125)
      Spain Spain 31 (+40) 22 74 16 Harrier 143
      (+40)
      Sweden Sweden 134 134
      Poland Poland 48 32 38 Su-22 118
      Netherlands Netherlands 74 ordered 85 F-35 74
      (+85)
      Finland Finland 54 54
      Belgium Belgium 49 49
      Romania Romania 36 36
      Czech Republic Czech Republic 12 19 L-159 31
      Portugal Portugal 29 29
      Bulgaria Bulgaria 15 6 14 Su-25 35
      Denmark Denmark 36 ordered 48 F-35 36
      (+48)
      Austria Austria 15 15
      Hungary Hungary 12 12
      Slovakia Slovakia 12 12
      Croatia Croatia 6 6
      Lithuania Lithuania 1 L-39 1

      Transport, tanker and air-lift aircraft

      A330/
      A340      		 A310 KC-135/
      707      		 KC-767 C-17 C-130 C-160 C-27J CN-235/
      C-295      		 An-26 L-410 Other Total
       European Union 10 910 917 4 911 9139 99 31 81 13 17 978 510
      France France 3 3 14 14 39 24 97
      Germany Germany 2 5 60 022 A319 69
      United Kingdom United Kingdom 4 8 32 13 VC10/TriStar, 4 BAe 146 61
      Spain Spain 2 3 12 22 19 C-212 58
      Poland Poland 5 14 27 M28 46
      Italy Italy 4 20 12 033 A319 39
      Greece Greece 15 8 23
      Portugal Portugal 6 12 18
      Romania Romania 5 5 4 14
      Belgium Belgium 1 11 12
      Czech Republic Czech Republic 4 6 022 A319 12
      Sweden Sweden 8 033 Saab 340 11
      Hungary Hungary (3) 5 8
      Bulgaria Bulgaria 3 2 2 011 A319 8
      Netherlands Netherlands 4 033 (K)DC-10 7
      Slovakia Slovakia 2 5 7
      Lithuania Lithuania 3 2 5
      Denmark Denmark 4 4
      Finland Finland 3 011 F27 4
      Austria Austria 3 3
      Republic of Ireland Ireland 2 2
      Latvia Latvia 1 1
      Slovenia Slovenia 1 1

      European Land Forces

      European Naval Forces

      Major warships (aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers,
      frigates, submarines, amphibious warfare ships ) of
      the EU compared to other military powers.

      The European Union's combined naval force consists of over 600 commissioned warships, this number does not include auxiliary, survey or support ships. The European Union possesses 5 aircraft carriers, (the largest of which is the 40,000 ton Charles de Gaulle) and a large number of amphibious assault ships. This gives the EU significant power projection capabilities. The United Kingdom is currently building 2 (65,000 ton) Queen Elizabeth class carriers. Of the EU's 58 submarines, 21 are Nuclear submarines (11 UK and 10 French) while 39 are conventional attack submarines. Many European Navies do not classify destroyer sized vessels as destroyers, and instead classify them as frigates regardless of size and role. This would explain the relatively large difference between the number of destroyers and frigates in service. Of the 111 major surface combatants in service within European navies, 19 are classified as "Destroyers" and 92 as "Frigates" (these figures exclude 11 light frigates of the French Navy and 4 of the Italian Navy).

      Operation Atalanta (formally European Union Naval Force Somalia) is the first ever (and still ongoing) naval operation of the European Union. It is part of a larger global action by the EU in the Horn of Africa to deal with the Somali crisis. As of January 2011 twenty-three EU nations participate in the operation.

      Country Submarines Destroyers Frigates Corvettes Aircraft
      carriers      		 Amphibious
      warfare
      ships      		 Guided
      missile
      boats      		 Mine
      warfare
      vessels      		 Patrol
      &
      Gunboats
      European Union European Union 58 19 92a 62 4 29 61 157 166
      United Kingdom United Kingdom[51] 11 6 13 13 15 24
      France France[52] 10 11c 9 1 5 11 17
      Germany Germany[53] 4 15 5 10 20
      Italy Italy[54] 6 4 8d 8 2 3 12 14
      Spain Spain[55] 4 5 6 5 1 2 4 6 19
      Greece Greece[56] 8 14 17 9 16
      Poland Poland[57] 5 2 3 5 3 20
      Romania Romania[58] 3 7 6 5 8
      Netherlands Netherlands[59] 4 4 2 4 2 10
      Portugal Portugal[60] 2 5 7 22
      Belgium Belgium[61] 2 6 1
      Finland Finland 8 19 2
      Bulgaria Bulgaria 4 3 3 5
      Denmark Denmark[62] 6 5 6
      Sweden Sweden[63] 5 11 11 13
      Republic of Ireland Ireland[64] 8
      Lithuania Lithuania[65] 4 4
      Slovenia Slovenia[66] 2
      Latvia Latvia 4 4
      Estonia Estonia 1 3 2
      Malta Malta[67] 8
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      Forces and frameworks

      Common Security and Defence Policy

      Main article: Common Security and Defence Policy

      The defence arrangements which have been established under the EU institutions are part of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), a branch of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). It should be noted that Denmark has an opt-out from the CSDP.

      Deployments

      Main article: Common Security and Defence Policy missions of the European Union

      In 2004, EU countries took over leadership of the mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina from NATO through the European Union Force (EUFOR). The mission was given the branding of an EU initiative as the EU sponsored the force to further the force's image of legitimacy. There have been other deployments such as in Gaza and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2007, the then European High Representative for Foreign Policy, Javier Solana indicated the EU could send troops to Georgia, perhaps alongside Russian forces.[68]

      Separate initiatives

      Separate initiatives by Member States that revolve around the defence of the European Union in some way or another, or acting as a European standing army.

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      See also

      Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Military of the European Union
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      Notes

      a ^ Includes Destroyer type vessels.
      b ^ United Kingdom no longer operates fixed wing carrier capable aircraft.
      c ^ Excludes five French light Frigates with a displacement of 3,200 tons or less.
      d ^ Excludes four Italian light Frigates with a displacement of 2,500 tons or less.
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      References

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