List of European Union member states by political system

  European Union (all free)
Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states, as of 2013.[1]
  free
  partly free
  unfree
  not rated

This is a list of European Union member states, their forms of government and their parliaments. The European Union is a sui generis supranational union of democratic states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993,[2] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:

“ Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved: ”

Consequently, all European Union member states are directly elected democracies that are considered to be "free" according to the criteria of Freedom House (with all of them being rated 1/1 except for Hungary with 1/2, Italy with 2/1, and Bulgaria, Greece, Latvia and Romania with 2/2).[1] As of 2011, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds.

Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria.[1] Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" by Freedom House, with the exceptions of Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the exception of Israel.[1]

Monarchism and republicanism

See also: Republicanism, Monarchism, and Monarchies in Europe
  monarchy
  republic

At present, seven monarchies are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. All seven monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies, which means that the monarch does not influence the politics of the monarch's country. Either the monarch is legally prohibited from doing so, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. Public opinion is currently strongly in favour of keeping the monarchy in the remaining seven monarchies in the European Union, and there is currently no ongoing campaign with popular support to abolish monarchy in any of them.

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Form of government

See also: Form of government
  presidential republic
  semi-presidential republic
  parliamentary republic
  parliamentary constitutional monarchy

There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary system, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance.

By definition, modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the twenty republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and two are semi-presidential republic (France and Romania).

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Degree of self-governance

See also: Self-governance
  unitary state
  devolved state
  federacy
  federation

Most of the European Union's member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both):

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Parliamentary chambers

  unicameral
  bicameral

A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature. While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. There is no clear trend towards either model as of 2006. Federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral to reflect the regions' interests in national bills. The states with the larger populations, from the Netherlands upwards, all have a bicameral system. Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states (some influenced by their federalist structure), the smallest states are on the whole unicameral.

In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia); or non-elected (though by and large appointed by elected officials) as a remnant of a non-democratic political system in earlier times (as in the House of Lords in the United Kingdom).

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Listed by form of government

State Government Self-governance Monarchy/Republic Head of state Head of government
 Austria parliamentary federal republic Federal President (Bundespräsident)[4] Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler)[5]
 Belgium parliamentary federal constitutional popular monarchy King (Koning / Roi / König)[6] Prime Minister / First Minister (Eerste Minister / Premier Ministre / Premierminister)[7][8]
 Bulgaria parliamentary unitary republic President (Президент)[9] Minister-President (Министър-председател)[10]
 Cyprus presidential unitary republic President (Πρόεδρος / Cumhurbaşkanı)[11]
 Czech Republic parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezident)[12] President of the Government (Předseda vlády)[13]
 Denmark parliamentary federate constitutional monarchy Queen (Dronning)[14] Minister of State (Statsminister)[15]
 Estonia parliamentary unitary republic President (President)[16] Head Minister (Peaminister)[17]
 Finland parliamentary federate republic President (Presidentti / President)[18] Head Minister / Minister of the State (Pääministeri / Statsminister)[19]
 France semi-presidential federate republic President (Président)[20] Prime Minister (Premier ministre)[21]
 Germany parliamentary federal republic Federal President (Bundespräsident)[22] Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler)[23][24]
 Greece parliamentary unitary republic President (Πρόεδρος)[25] Prime Minister (Πρωθυπουργός)[26]
 Hungary parliamentary unitary republic President of the Republic (Köztársasági Elnök)[27] Minister-President (Miniszterelnök)[28]
 Ireland parliamentary unitary republic President (Uachtarán)[29] Taoiseach[30]
 Italy parliamentary devolved republic President (Presidente)[31] President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri)[32][33]
 Latvia parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezidents)[34] Minister-President (Ministru prezidents)[35]
 Lithuania parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezidentė)[36] Minister-President (Ministras Pirmininkas)[37]
 Luxembourg parliamentary unitary constitutional monarchy Grand Duke (Grand-duc / Großherzog / Groussherzog)[38][39] Prime Minister (Premier ministre / Premierminister / Premierminister)[38][39]
 Malta parliamentary unitary republic President (President)[40] Prime Minister (Prim Ministru)[41]
 Netherlands parliamentary federate constitutional monarchy King (Koning)[42] Minister-President (Minister-president)[43]
 Poland parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezydent)[44] President of the Council of Ministers (Prezes Rady Ministrów)[45]
 Portugal parliamentary unitary republic President (Presidente)[46][47] Prime Minister (Primeiro-Ministro)[48]
 Romania semi-presidential unitary republic President (Preşedinte)[49] Prime Minister (Prim-ministru)[50]
 Slovakia parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezident)[51] President of the Government (Predseda vlády)[52]
 Slovenia parliamentary unitary republic President (Predsednik)[53] President of the Government (Predsednik vlade)[54]
 Spain parliamentary devolved constitutional monarchy King (Rey)[55] President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)[56]
 Sweden parliamentary unitary constitutional monarchy King (Kung)[57] Minister of the State (Statsminister)[58]
 United Kingdom parliamentary federate and devolved constitutional monarchy Queen[59] Prime Minister[60]
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Listed by type of parliament

Member state Parliamentary
system		 Overall name of legislature
Lower house (members) Upper house (members)
 Austria bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung)[61]
National Council (Nationalrat)[61] (183) Federal Council (Bundesrat)[61] (62)
 Belgium bicameral[I] Federal Parliament (Federaal Parlement / Parlement Fédérale / Föderales Parlament)
Chamber of Representatives
(Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers /
Chambre des Représentants /
Abgeordnetenkammer)[62][63] (150)		 Senate (Senaat / Sénat / Senat)[64] (71)[II]
 Bulgaria unicameral National Assembly (Народно събрание)[65] (240)
 Cyprus unicameral House of Representatives (Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi)[66] (56)
 Czech Republic bicameral Parliament (Parlament)
Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna)[67] (200) Senate (Senát)[68] (81)
 Denmark unicameral People's Thing (Folketinget)[69] (179)
 Estonia unicameral State Assembly (Riigikogu)[70] (101)
 Finland unicameral[IV] Diet (Eduskunta / Riksdag)[71] (200)
 France bicameral Parliament (Parlement) / Congress (Congrès)[72]
National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)[73] (577) Senate (Sénat)[74][75] (348)
 Germany bicameral —[IV]
Federal Diet (Bundestag)[76] (622)[V] Federal Council (Bundesrat)[77] (69)
 Greece unicameral Parliament of the Greeks (Βουλή των Ελλήνων)[78] (300)
 Hungary unicameral National Assembly (Országgyűlés)[79] (386)
 Ireland bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas)[VI]
Assembly (Dáil)[VI] (166) Senate (Seanad)[VI] (60)
 Italy bicameral Parliament (Parlamento)[80][81]
Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)[82] (630) Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica)[81][83] (315)[VII]
 Latvia unicameral Diet (Saeima)[84] (100)
 Lithuania unicameral Diet (Seimas)[85] (141)
 Luxembourg unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés / Abgeordnetenkammer / Châmber vun Députéirten)[86][87] (60)
 Malta unicameral House of Representatives (Kamra tad-Deputati)[88] (69)[VIII]
 Netherlands bicameral States–General (Staten–Generaal)[89]
Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer)[90] (150) First Chamber (Eerste Kamer)[91] (75)
 Poland bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe)[IX]
Diet (Sejm)[92] (460) Senate (Senat)[93] (100)
 Portugal unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República)[94] (230)
 Romania bicameral Parliament (Parlamentul)[95]
Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor)[96] (412) Senate (Senat)[97] (176)
 Slovakia unicameral National Council (Národná rada)[98] (150)
 Slovenia bicameral Parliament (Parlament)
National Assembly (Državni zbor)[99] (90) National Council (Državni svet)[100] (40)
 Spain bicameral General Courts (Cortes Generales)
Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)[101] (350) Senate (Senado)[102] (266)
 Sweden unicameral National Diet (Riksdagen)[103] (349)
 United Kingdom bicameral[X] Parliament[104]
House of Commons[104] (650) House of Lords[104] (760)
I^ : Due to Belgium's complex federal structure the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale)[105][106] (89, regional assembly), Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement)[107] (124, regional and community assembly), the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon)[108][109] (75, regional assembly), the Parliament of the French Community (Parlement de la Communauté française)[110] (94, community assembly) and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft)[111] (25, community assembly) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests.
II^ : In addition to the 71 elected senators, the ruling monarch's children (or, in case there are none, her or his siblings) are also entitled to sit in the Senate after reaching the age of 18 and entitled to vote after reaching the age of 21 as senators by law (senator van rechtswege / sénateur de droit / Senator von Rechts wegen), although they do not use the right to vote by constitutional convention. There are currently three such senators.
III^ : In legislation which affects the autonomous region of the Åland Islands, its Parliament (Lagting)[112] (30) also has legislative competences.
IV^ : While there is a Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly, it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature.
V^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 598 members; the additional twenty-four seats are overhang seats resulting from the 2009 election.
VI^ : The Irish names are used in the English-language version of the Constitution of Ireland,[113] and generally in English-language speech and writing in Ireland.[114][115]
VII^ : In addition to the 315 elected members, there are currently three senators for life (senatore a vita); these include former Italian President, who is ex officio senators for life, as well as two senators appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time.
VIII^ : Technically, the House of Representatives only has 65 members; the additional four seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2008 election.
IX^ : The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together.
X^ : In legislation which affects the overseas territory of Gibraltar, its Parliament[116] (17) also has legislative competences.
Member states by political system and GDP
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References

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  18. ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Finland (2006-06-23). "The President of the Republic of Finland / Suomen tasavallan presidentti[[Category:Articles containing Finnish language text]] / Republiken Finlands president[[Category:Articles containing Swedish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
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  22. ^ Martin Kothé, Spokesperson of the Federal President (2006-06-23). "Federal President / Président de la République fédérale[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Der Bundespräsident[[Category:Articles containing German language text]] / Presidente Federal[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
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  25. ^ Bouritsa Myrto, Librarian of the Presidency of the Republic (2006-06-23). "Presidency of the Hellenic Republic / Présidence de la République Hellénique[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας[[Category:Articles containing Greek language text]]". Retrieved 2005-06-30.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
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  27. ^ The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary (2006-06-23). "The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary / Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal[[Category:Articles containing Hungarian language text]]". Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  28. ^ The Office of the Prime Minister (2006-06-23). "Prime Minister / Ministerpräsident[[Category:Articles containing German language text]] / Miniszterelnök[[Category:Articles containing Hungarian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  29. ^ Áras an Uachtaráin (2006-06-23). "Áras an Uachtaráin[[Category:Articles containing Irish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  30. ^ Department of the Taoiseach (2006-06-23). "Department of the Taoiseach / Roinn an Taoisigh[[Category:Articles containing Irish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  31. ^ Segretariato Generale della Presidenza della Repubblica (2006-06-23). "Presidency of the Republic / Présidence de la République[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Präsidentschaft der Republik[[Category:Articles containing German language text]] / Presidenza della Repubblica[[Category:Articles containing Italian language text]] / Presidencia de la República[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
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  55. ^ Relaciones con los Medios de Comunicación (2006-06-23). "The Royal Household of His Majesty the King / Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  56. ^ Presidency of the Government (2006-06-23). "La Moncloa – Gobernuko presidentzia[[Category:Articles containing Basque language text]] / La Moncloa – Presidència del Govern[[Category:Articles containing Catalan language text]] / La Moncloa – Presidency of the Government / La Moncloa – Presidencia do Goberno[[Category:Articles containing Galician language text]] / La Moncloa – Presidencia del Gobierno[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  57. ^ Information and Press Department (2006-06-23). "Royal Court / Kungahuset[[Category:Articles containing Swedish language text]]". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  58. ^ Information Department (2006-06-23). "The Government and the Government Offices / Regeringen och Regeringskansliet[[Category:Articles containing Swedish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-23.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  59. ^ GT.XM London (2006-06-23). "British Monarchy / Monarcachd Bhreatainn / Frenhiniaeth Brydeinig". Retrieved 2006-06-23. 
  60. ^ Prime Minister's Office (2006-06-23). "10 Downing Street". Retrieved 2006-06-23. 
  61. ^ a b c Parlamentsdirektion (2006-06-27). "The Austrian Parliament / Österreichisches Parlament[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  62. ^ de Kamer – la Chambre (2006-06-27). "de Kamer[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]] / la Chambre[[Category:Articles containing French language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  63. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). "Belgium – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 2006-06-28. 
  64. ^ Belgian Senate (2005-01-18). "Belgische Senaat[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]] / Belgian Senate / Sénat de Belgique[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Belgischer Senat[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  65. ^ National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria (2006-12-28). "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria / Народно събрание на Република България[[Category:Articles containing Bulgarian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-12-28.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  66. ^ House of Representatives (2006-06-27). "House of Representatives / Chambre des Représentants[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων[[Category:Articles containing Greek language text]] / Temsilciler Meclisi[[Category:Articles containing Turkish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  67. ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (2004-12-18). "Parlament České republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna[[Category:Articles containing Czech language text]] / Parliament of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlement de la République tchèque, Chambre des députés[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Das Parlament der Tschechischen Republik, das Abgeordnetenhaus[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  68. ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (2006-06-27). "Senát Parlamentu České republiky[[Category:Articles containing Czech language text]] / Parliament of the Czech Republic – Senate". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  69. ^ Folketing (2006-06-27). "Folketinget[[Category:Articles containing Danish language text]] / Folketing / Folketing[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Folketing[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  70. ^ Riigikogu (2006-06-27). "Riigikogu / Riigikogu[[Category:Articles containing Estonian language text]] / Рийгикогу[[Category:Articles containing Russian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  71. ^ Parliament of Finland (2005-01-18). "Parliament of Finland / Suomen Eduskunta[[Category:Articles containing Finnish language text]] / Le Parlement de Finlande[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Riksdagen[[Category:Articles containing Swedish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  72. ^ Assemblée nationale (2006-11-28). "Assemblée nationale – La révision de la Constitution et le Congrès[[Category:Articles containing French language text]]". Retrieved 2006-11-28.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  73. ^ Assemblée nationale (2006-06-27). "National Assembly / Assemblée nationale[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Nationalversammlung[[Category:Articles containing German language text]] / Assemblea nazionale[[Category:Articles containing Italian language text]] / Asamblea Nacional[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  74. ^ Sénat (2006-06-27). "Sénat[[Category:Articles containing French language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  75. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). "France – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 2006-06-28. 
  76. ^ Internet-Dienst des Deutschen Bundestages (2006-06-27). "German Bundestag / Bundestag allemand[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Deutscher Bundestag[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  77. ^ Bundesrat (2006-06-27). "Bundesrat / Bundesrat[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Bundesrat[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  78. ^ Hellenic Parliament (2006-06-27). "Hellenic Parliament / Βουλή των Ελλήνων[[Category:Articles containing Greek language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  79. ^ National Assembly (2006-06-27). "House of the Nation / Az ország háza[[Category:Articles containing Hungarian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  80. ^ Parliament (2006-06-27). "Parlamento italiano[[Category:Articles containing Italian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  81. ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). "Italy – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 2006-06-28. 
  82. ^ Chamber of Deputies (2006-06-27). "المجلس[[Category:Articles containing Arabic language text]] / The Chamber of Deputies / La Chambre des Députés[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Die Abgeordnetenkammer[[Category:Articles containing German language text]] / La Camera dei Deputati[[Category:Articles containing Italian language text]] / Cámara de los Diputados[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  83. ^ Senate of the Republic (2006-06-27). "Senato della Repubblica[[Category:Articles containing Italian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  84. ^ Latvijas Republikas Saeima (2003-02-18). "Saeima – the Latvian Parliament / Latvijas Republikas Saeima[[Category:Articles containing Latvian language text]]". Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  85. ^ Office of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (2006-06-27). "Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania / Le Parlement de la Republique de Lituanie[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas[[Category:Articles containing Lithuanian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  86. ^ Chambre des Députés (2006-06-27). "Chambre des Députés[[Category:Articles containing French language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  87. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2006-06-13). "Luxembourg – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 2006-06-28. 
  88. ^ House of Representatives (2006-06-27). "House of Representatives". Retrieved 2006-06-27. 
  89. ^ Parliament (2004-10-19). "The Dutch Parliament / Het Parlement[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  90. ^ Dienst Communicatie (2006-06-27). "House of Representatives of the States–General / Tweede Kamer der Staten–Generaal[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  91. ^ Senate (2006-06-27). "Senate of the States–General / Eerste Kamer der Staten–Generaal[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  92. ^ Chancellery of the Sejm (2006-06-26). "The Sejm of the Republic of Poland / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej[[Category:Articles containing Polish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  93. ^ Senate (2006-06-26). "The Senate of the Republic of Poland / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej[[Category:Articles containing Polish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  94. ^ Assembly of the Republic (2006-06-27). "The Assembly of the Republic / L'Assemblée de la République[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Assembleia da República[[Category:Articles containing Portuguese language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  95. ^ Parliament of Romania (2006-12-22). "Parliament of Romania / Le Parlament de la Roumanie[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Parlamentul României[[Category:Articles containing Romanian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-12-28.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  96. ^ Chamber of Deputies (2006-12-28). "Parliament of Romania – Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlament de la Roumanie – Chambre des Députés[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Parlamentul României – Camera Deputaţilor[[Category:Articles containing Romanian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-12-28.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  97. ^ Senate (2006-12-28). "Parliament of Romania – Senate / Le Parlament de la Roumanie – Sénat[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Parlamentul României[[Category:Articles containing Romanian language text]]". Retrieved 2006-12-28.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  98. ^ National Council of the Slovak Republic (2006-06-27). "National Council of the Slovak Republic / Nationalrat der Slowakischen Republik[[Category:Articles containing German language text]] / Národná rada Slovenskej republiky[[Category:Articles containing Slovak language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  99. ^ National Assembly (2006-06-27). "Republic of Slovenia National Assembly / Državni zbor Republike Slovenije[[Category:Articles containing Slovene language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  100. ^ National Council (2006-01-05). "National Council of the Republic of Slovenia / Državni svet Republike Slovenije[[Category:Articles containing Slovene language text]]". Archived from the original on 22 April 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  101. ^ Congreso de los Diputados (2004-06-07). "Congress of Deputies / Congreso de los Diputados[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]]". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  102. ^ Senate (2006-06-09). "The Senate of Spain / El Senado de España[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  103. ^ Riksdagen / Riksdagen (2006-06-27). "Riksdagen[[Category:Articles containing Swedish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  104. ^ a b c Information Policy Division, Office of Public Sector Information (2006-06-27). "Houses of Parliament". Retrieved 2006-06-27. 
  105. ^ CIRB-CIBG (2006-05-05). "Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]] / Brussels Regional Parliament / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Brüsseler Regionalparlament[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  106. ^ Federal Government of Belgium (2006-06-28). "Brussels–Capital Region". Retrieved 2006-06-28. 
  107. ^ Flemish Parliament (2006-06-27). "Vlaams Parlement[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]] / Flemish Parliament / Parlement flamand[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Flämisches Parlament[[Category:Articles containing German language text]] / Parlamento fiammingo[[Category:Articles containing Italian language text]] / Parlamento flamengo[[Category:Articles containing Portuguese language text]] / Parlamento Flamenco[[Category:Articles containing Spanish language text]] / Flamländska Parlamentet[[Category:Articles containing Swedish language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  108. ^ Parlement-Wallon (2006-06-27). "Parlement wallon[[Category:Articles containing French language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  109. ^ Federal Government of Belgium (2006-06-28). "Walloon Region". Retrieved 2006-06-28. 
  110. ^ Cellule Internet du Parlement (2006-06-27). "Parlement van de Franstalige gemeenschap[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]] / Parliament of the French Community / Parlement de la Communauté française[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Parlament der französischsprachigen Gemeinschaft[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  111. ^ Parliament of the German-speaking Community (2006-06-27). "Parlement van de Duitstalige Gemeenschap[[Category:Articles containing Dutch language text]] / Parliament of the German-speaking Community / Parlement de la Communauté germanophone[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft[[Category:Articles containing German language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  112. ^ Åland Parliament (2007-12-26). "Ålands Lagting[[Category:Articles containing Sami language text]] / Åland Parliament". Retrieved 2007-12-26.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  113. ^ Department of the Taoiseach (November 2004). "Bunreacht na hÉireann[[Category:Articles containing Irish language text]] - Constitution of Ireland". pp. Article 15, §§1.1°–1.2°. Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  114. ^ Dolan, Terence. "Dáil". Hiberno-English archive. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
  115. ^ Dolan, Terence. "Seanad Éireann". Hiberno-English archive. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
  116. ^ Government of Gibraltar (2005-04-20). "Government of Gibraltar". Retrieved 2007-12-26. [dead link]
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ref>Assembly of the Republic (2006-06-27). "The Assembly of the Republic / L'Assemblée de la République[[Category:Articles containing French language text]] / Assembleia da República[[Category:Articles containing Portuguese language text]]". Retrieved 2006-06-27.  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)

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Last modified on 6 May 2013, at 12:36