Bernardino Machado

Baron Bernardino Machado
8th President of Portugal
In office 11 December 1925 – 31 May 1926
Prime Minister	Domingos Pereira António Maria da Silva
Preceded by	Manuel Teixeira Gomes
Succeeded by	José Mendes Cabeçadas
80th Prime Minister of Portugal (26th of the Republic (also Minister for Internal Affairs)
In office 2 March 1921 – 23 May 1921
President	António José de Almeida
Preceded by	Liberato Pinto (also as Minister)
Succeeded by	Tomé de Barros Queirós Abel Hipólito (Min.)
Minister for Agriculture (interim)
In office 2 March 1921 – 4 May 1921 – 19 May 1921 – 23 May 1921
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	João Gonçalves (1st time) Albano de Portugal Durão (2nd time)
Succeeded by	Albano de Portugal Durão (1st time) Manuel de Sousa da Câmara (2nd time)
3rd President of Portugal
In office 6 August 1915 – 5 December 1917
Prime Minister	José de Castro Afonso Costa António José de Almeida Afonso Costa (interim) António José de Almeida (cont.) Afonso Costa José Norton de Matos (interim) Afonso Costa (cont.) José Norton de Matos (interim) Revolutionary Junta
Preceded by	Teófilo Braga
Succeeded by	Sidónio Pais (as Prime Minister Head of State later as President)
60th Prime Minister of Portugal (6th of the Republic) (also Minister for Internal Affairs)
In office 9 February 1914 – 12 December 1914
President	Manuel de Arriaga
Preceded by	Afonso Costa Rodrigo José Rodrigues (Min.)
Succeeded by	Victor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho Alexandre Braga (Min.)
Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office 9 February 1914 – 23 May 1914
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	António Caetano Macieira
Succeeded by	Alfredo Augusto Freire de Andrade
Minister for Justice
In office 23 June 1914 – 23 July 1914
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Manuel Monteiro
Succeeded by	Eduardo Augusto de Sousa Monteiro
Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office 5 October 1910 – 3 September 1911
Prime Minister	Teófilo Braga (as President of the Provisional Government)
Preceded by	José de Azevedo Castelo Branco
Succeeded by	João Chagas
Personal details
Born	(1851-03-28)28 March 1851 Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil
Died	29 April 1944(1944-04-29) (aged 93) Famalicão, Portugal
Political party	Portuguese Republican Party (later Democratic Party)
Spouse(s)	Elisa Dantas Gonçalves Pereira, Mrs. Machado
Children	Manuela, António Luís, António, Miguel Luís, Rita, Maria, Joaquina, Bernardino, Jerónima, Elzira, Inácio, Joana, Bento Luís, Sofia, Narciso Luís, Domingos Luís
Alma mater	University of Coimbra
Occupation	Diplomat (Ambassador) Mathematician Professor at the University of Coimbra

Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães, 2nd Baron of Joane, GCTE, GCL (Portuguese pronunciation: [bɨɾnaɾˈdinu mɐˈʃadu]; 28 March 1851, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – 29 April 1944, in Porto, Portugal), was a Portuguese political figure, the third and eighth President of Portugal (1915–17, 1925–26).

Early life

He was the son of António Luís Machado Guimarães, 1st Baron of Joane and a Nobleman of the Royal Household, a rich merchant raised to the Nobility, and his second wife Praxedes de Sousa Guimarães. He came to Portugal in 1860, enrolled at Coimbra University in 1866, studied Mathematics for three years, and graduated in Philosophy in 1873. In 1872, he chose to obtain Portuguese nationality. Continuing with his studies, he obtained a doctorate in Philosophy in 1876, and graduation in General Agriculture and Rural Economy in 1883. He lectured at that institution since 1877.

In Porto in January 1882 he married Elisa Dantas Gonçalves Pereira (Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 15 December 1865 – 21 April 1942), by whom he had sixteen children. One of his sons in law was the writer Aquilino Ribeiro.

Political scene

Official portrait of President Bernardino Machado by Henrique Medina.

He then turned to a second interest; in 1882 was elected to the Portuguese parliament for Lamego, and in 1886 for Coimbra. In 1890 and 1894 was also elected Peer of the Realm by the Coimbra University. During this period he was briefly Minister for Public Works on the Hintze Ribeiro cabinet, in 1893 and created the first labour court in Portugal. Taking a special interest in public education during his political activity he was made part of the Superior Council of Public Education in 1892, and published several books on the subject.

Machado was also briefly President of the Directory of the Democratic Party in 1902, and after switching to the Republican Party, was this party's President of the Directory from 1906 to 1909. He was one of the few monarchists-turned-republican who switched still during the monarchy.

Once the Republic was proclaimed in 1910 he was made Minister for Foreign Affairs, and ran an unsuccessful campaign for the Presidential elections of 1911. Afterwards appointed ambassador to Brazil, made his political comeback in 1914 to lead one of many brief cabinets the country had in this period. Machado ran again to the Presidency in 1915 and was this time elected President of Portugal. In the course of his term, he received Germany's declaration of war (March, 1916), and visited the Portuguese forces placed in France in the battlefields.

In 1917 the government was deposed by a military coup headed by Sidónio Pais, and Machado went into exile.

Upon Machado's return in 1919 he was elected Senator. He served as Prime Minister from 10 February to 23 May 1921. Once again, in 1925, he achieved the presidential office after President Teixeira Gomes resigned, only to be overthrown a year later (1926) by Gomes da Costa (See: 28 May 1926 coup d'état and Ditadura Nacional). The country remained under a military, then civilian, dictatorship until 1974.

For a second time he went into exile in France, where he continued to be very critical of the Portuguese regime. The German occupation of France in 1940 forced him to seek protection in Portugal, which the government granted him with the condition that he was to be confined to his personal retreat in the northern part of Portugal. It was there in Oporto that he died in 1944.

Personal life

He was father-in-law of the famous writer Aquilino Ribeiro.

He was great-grandfather of the psychologist and sexologist Júlio Machado Vaz.

Books

• Introdução à Pedagogia, 1902
• O Ensino, 1898
• O Ensino Primário e Secundário, 1899
• O Ensino Superior, 1900

Preceded by Afonso Costa	Prime Minister of Portugal (President of the Ministry) 1914	Succeeded by Victor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho
Preceded by Teófilo Braga	President of Portugal 1915–1917	Succeeded by Sidónio Pais
Preceded by Liberato Pinto	Prime Minister of Portugal (President of the Ministry) 1921	Succeeded by Tomé José de Barros Queirós
Preceded by Manuel Teixeira Gomes	President of Portugal 1925–1926	Succeeded by Mendes Cabeçadas